How does Britain's first-in-the-world approval Wednesday of a stringently tested vaccine, with large-scale inoculations set to start next week, fit into that debate?

While it's normal and expected for world leaders to prioritise their own countries' interests, analysts say vaccine nationalism can become dangerous when public health decisions are driven by domestic political concerns, or when a prized commodity - inoculation against a deadly disease - is wielded as a geostrategic weapon.

"Vaccine nationalism will prolong the pandemic, not shorten it," World Health Organisation chief Tedros Ghebreyesus told a September briefing in Geneva as the race to find and test a vaccine was still under way.

The Rand Corp. warned in a report this year that vaccine nationalism - including practices such as countries pushing for first access to a vaccine supply, or hoarding key components could cost the global economy up to $1.2 trillion a year if they result in unequal allocation.

Global deaths tied to COVID-19 neared 1.5 million and worldwide coronavirus infections number more than 64.3 million, according to the Coronavirus Resource Center at Johns Hopkins University.

British regulators' emergency approval of a vaccine developed by American pharmaceutical giant Pfizer and Germany's BioNTech was hailed as a longed-for sign of hope in a country that has been hammered by COVID-19. Some 60,000 Britons have died, reflecting one of the highest per-capita death rates in Europe, and infections are approaching 1.7 million.

"Fantastic news," Prime Minister Boris Johnson said of the regulatory approval, enthusing about the "biological jiujitsu" achieved by scientists. The 56-year-old prime minister, who endured a life-threatening bout of COVID-19 this year, has been harshly criticised for his handling of the coronavirus crisis.

British health officials said the country will begin receiving the first shipment of 800,000 doses from Belgium, where the vaccine is made, within days and that two-step mass inoculations will begin almost immediately. As is expected in the United States, priority will be given to health care workers and the most vulnerable, including nursing home residents.

But even with a speedy rollout, the United Kingdom, like the United States, is heading into a winter likely to be scarred by suffering. Because the caseload already is so enormous, the next few months are expected to bring many thousands more deaths, add to strains on an already overburdened health system and intensify economic hardship.

Although Britain's opposition Labor Party chimed in with expressions of relief over the announcement, it drew a chilly response from the European Union. In an unusually curt statement, the bloc's drug regulator, the European Medicines Agency - which is sifting through the same data that Britain used - suggested it was exercising appropriate diligence, and that Johnson's government might have put speed ahead of safety in a bid to jump-start the process.

Britain is enmeshed in tense talks with the 27-member EU about its messy, drawn-out departure from the bloc, which was approved by national referendum in 2016. Brexit formally took place a year ago, but a yearlong transition period is barreling toward an end with deep divisions remaining.

The British health secretary, Mark Hancock, irritated European officials by suggesting that breaking with the EU had fostered a nimbler British approach on regulatory approval. Another official, Business Secretary Alok Sharma, said the green-lighting of the vaccine marked "the day the UK led humanity's charge against this disease."

That was too much for Germany's ambassador to Britain, Andreas Michaelis, who said the regulatory approval was not a "national story" of achievement. On Twitter, he questioned why it was "so difficult to recognise this important step forward as a great international effort and success."

The British announcement comes as Johnson is maneuvering to find his footing with President-elect Joe Biden, after the Prime Minister forged what might be the closest friendship with President Donald Trump by the leader of a major Western democracy.

The Trump administration, seemingly unfazed over Britain being the first to approve a U.S.-pioneered vaccine, praised the move as a positive portent for the United States' own vaccine approval and rollout, for which Trump is seeking to claim credit as his tenure in office draws to a close.

"For the American people, this should be very reassuring: An independent regulatory authority in another country has found this vaccine to be safe and effective for use," Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said in an interview on Fox Business.

In the United States, an emergency use authorization for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine by the Food and Drug Administration could follow a meeting on December 10 of a panel of outside advisers, whose recommendation is often used as a guideline. But some experts say that even with an endorsement, the FDA approval could take weeks.

Up until now, no government had authorized a rigorously tested vaccine. Russia and China moved ahead with such authorizations although lacking large-scale testing of the vaccine's effectiveness.

And Russian President Vladimir Putin this year put a decidedly nationalistic stamp on the rollout of a vaccine dubbed Sputnik V, invoking the name of the artificial satellite whose 1957 launch ignited a space race with the United States.

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Only about four dozen British hospitals will initially be authorised to administer the shots. Although the vaccine's makers have reported no serious side effects, it is still not known whether asymptomatic people who have been inoculated can still spread the disease. And how long the protection lasts is not yet known.

Like Trump, Johnson may face a sizable contingent of compatriots who refuse to get a vaccine because they do not trust the government or public health experts. The British leader said he would "strongly urge" people to get vaccinated, but said it is "no part of our culture or our ambition in this country to make vaccines mandatory."