The UK will grow its nuclear warhead stockpile by more than 40 per cent to ensure its security in a more risky global environment and as it faces new technological threats, Prime Minister Boris Johnson says.
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The country had previously been reducing its nuclear weapons stockpile and in 2010, the government set a cap of 180 warheads for the mid-2020 period.
Johnson scrapped the earlier limit and said the number would now rise to a maximum of 260.
In its security and defence review, the UK said it faced risks from nuclear-armed states, emerging nuclear states and state-sponsored nuclear terrorism, and its nuclear deterrent was needed to guarantee its security and that of its allies.
"Some states are now significantly increasing and diversifying their nuclear arsenals," the government said.
"The increase in global competition, challenges to the international order and proliferation of potentially disruptive technologies all pose a threat to strategic stability."
The move was criticised by The Elders, a group of former global policymakers who campaign for peace.
"While the UK cites increased security threats as justification for this move, the appropriate response to these challenges should be to work multilaterally to strengthen international arms control agreements and to reduce - not increase - the number of nuclear weapons in existence," Mary Robinson, chair of the group, said.
Questioned over the policy in parliament Johnson said the UK was still committed to global nuclear arms reduction.
The country also said it planned to replace its current nuclear warhead with a new one which would be able to operate throughout the lifespan of four new submarines being built and due to enter service in the early 2030s.
It will work with the United States to ensure the new warhead remains Trident-compatible.
With its current submarines, the UK said it would stick to its existing policy of always having one submarine of its four nuclear deterrent submarines on continuous patrol.
Johnson also told MPs the government's so-called Integrated Review shows how the country will re-learn the art of competing against states with opposing values.
"The review describes how we will bolster our alliances, strengthen our capabilities, find new ways of reaching solutions and re-learn the art of competing against states with opposing values," he told parliament.
He also said China would pose a great challenge to what he described as the UK's "open society" but "we will also work with China, where that is consistent with our values and interests".
Australian Associated Press
