The European Court of Human Rights has found that Russia was responsible for the assassination of ex-KGB officer Alexander Litvinenko, who died an agonising death in 2006 after being poisoned in London with a rare radioactive substance.
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Litvinenko, a defector who had become a vocal critic of the Kremlin, died three weeks after drinking green tea laced with polonium-210 at a plush London hotel.
Britain has long blamed the attack on Moscow, and the European court in Strasbourg, France, agreed, saying that "Mr Litvinenko's assassination was imputable to Russia", its statement said.
The image of Litvinenko, 43, lying on his bed at London's University College Hospital, yellow, gaunt and with hair fallen out, was emblazoned across British and other Western newspapers.
From his deathbed, Litvinenko told detectives he believed President Vladimir Putin - a former KGB spy who went on to head the contemporary FSB before rising to become Russia's leader - had directly ordered his killing.
The use of a rare radioactive isotope on the streets of London, apparently to settle scores, plunged Anglo-Russian relations and Western mistrust of the Kremlin to what was then a post-Cold War low.
A British inquiry concluded in 2016 that Putin had probably approved a Russian intelligence operation to murder Litvinenko.
Moscow and the men Britain accused of carrying out the murder have always denied any involvement.
Polonium contamination was found in the teapot and the hotel bar.
With the main suspects out of reach in Russia, Britain has been unable to pursue criminal proceedings.
Litvinenko's widow Marina took the case to the ECHR, arguing that her husband had been killed "on the direction or with the acquiescence or connivance of the Russian authorities".
The British inquiry found that former KGB bodyguard Andrei Lugovoy and another Russian, Dmitry Kovtun, carried out the killing as part of an operation probably directed by Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), the main successor to the Soviet-era KGB.
The ECHR agreed. Both men have always denied involvement.
"The planned and complex operation involving the procurement of a rare deadly poison, the travel arrangements for the pair, and repeated and sustained attempts to administer the poison indicated that Mr Litvinenko had been the target of the operation," the ECHR found.
It too concluded that the Russian state was to blame and that, had the men been carrying out a "rogue operation", Moscow would have the information to prove it.
A Russian judge sitting on the ruling panel, Dmitry Dedov, disagreed with his six colleagues on the court's main finding.
"I found many deficiencies in the analysis by the British inquiry and by the Court which raise reasonable doubts as to the involvement of the suspects in the poisoning and whether they were acting as agents of the State," he said.
The court ordered Russia to pay Marina Litvinenko 100,000 euros ($A162,000) in damages and 22,500 euros in costs.
The judge who oversaw the British inquiry said there were several reasons why the Russian state would have wanted to kill Litvinenko, who was granted British citizenship a month before his death on November 23, 2006.
The ex-spy was regarded as having betrayed the FSB by accusing it of carrying out apartment block bombings in Russia in 1999 that killed more than 200 people, which the Kremlin blamed on Chechen rebels.
He was also close to other leading Russian dissidents and had accused Putin's administration of collusion with organised crime. The judge said the FSB also had information that he had started working for Britain's foreign intelligence agency, MI6.
Australian Associated Press
