Researchers have crunched data on changes in dozens of ecosystems to conclude that Caribbean coral reefs could collapse in 15 years while the Amazon rainforest could die back within 50 years - although that finding is questioned by some experts.

"The messages here are stark," University of Southampton professor and lead author John Dearing said on Tuesday.

"We need to prepare for changes in our planet's ecosystems that are faster than we previously envisaged."

While larger ecosystems take longer to collapse - due to their sheer size - the rate at which they can degrade and then disappear can happen significantly faster than in smaller systems.

That's because the sub-systems and habitats that make up larger systems initially seem more resilient but unravel very rapidly when a tipping point is reached, according to the study, also by researchers from the School of Oriental and African Studies and the University of Bangor.

The research, the findings of which have been published in the journal Nature Communications, looked at 42 ecosystems - 4 terrestrial, 25 marine and 13 freshwater - varying in size from small ponds to the Black Sea.

Although a number of other scientists say the data - collected from seas, rivers and lakes - reinforces the urgency of protecting ecosystems, some believe it might not be able to be extrapolated to the Amazon.

Erika Berenguer, a senior research associate at the University of Oxford, said the study was undermined by the fact the authors had only included four terrestrial ecosystems in their dataset, none of which was a tropical rainforest.

"It is very unlikely, if not dystopian, to expect that an area half the size of Europe will experience a complete shift in vegetation in just 50 years," Berenguer said.

"While there is no doubt the Amazon is at great risk and that a tipping point is likely, such inflated claims do not help either science or policy making," she said.

Nevertheless, the findings are likely to amplify concerns recent fires in the Amazon could weaken the rainforest's ability to withstand climate change, the University of Southampton said.

"The implications of this study for the Amazon are terrifying," said Alexandre Antonelli, science director at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

"Unless urgent action is taken now, we may be on the brink of losing the world's largest and most biodiverse rainforest, which has evolved for at least 58 million years and sustains the lives of tens of millions of people."

Australian Associated Press