Finland has prepared for decades for a Russian attack and would put up stiff resistance should one occur, its armed forces chief says.
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The Nordic country has built up a substantial arsenal. But aside from the military hardware, General Timo Kivinen said, a crucial factor is that Finns would be motivated to fight.
"The most important line of defence is between one's ears, as the war in Ukraine proves at the moment," Kivinen said in an interview.
Finland fought two wars in the 1940s against its eastern neighbour, with which it shares a 1300km border.
Once a non-aligned country, it is now applying to join the NATO military alliance over concerns that Russia could invade like it did Ukraine on February 24.
Since World War II, Helsinki has kept up a high level of military preparedness.
"We have systematically developed our military defence precisely for this type of warfare that is being waged there (in Ukraine), with a massive use of firepower, armoured forces and also air forces," Kivinen said.
"Ukraine has been a tough bite to chew (for Russia) and so would be Finland."
Some 100,000 Finns were killed during the two wars Finland fought against the Soviet Union and it lost a tenth of its territory.
The nation of 5.5 million has a wartime troop strength of some 280,000 with 870,000 trained as reservists. It did not abolish military conscription for males as many other western nations did after the end of the Cold War.
It has also built one of Europe's strongest artilleries and has stocked up on cruise missiles with a range of up to 370km. It spends 2 per cent of its GDP on defence, a level higher than many NATO countries.
It is ordering four new warships, as well as 64 F-35 fighter jets from US defence giant Lockheed Martin.
It plans to order up to 2000 drones, its own high altitude anti-aircraft equipment and is building barriers on its border with Russia.
Some 82 per cent of respondents in a May 18 poll by the defence ministry said they would be willing to participate in national defence if Finland was attacked.
Still, Kivinen welcomed Finland's decision to apply to join NATO. Finland and fellow Nordic country Sweden are in talks with Turkey to discuss the latter's opposition to their applications.
Ankara has been angered by what it says is Helsinki and Stockholm's support for Kurdish militants and arms embargoes on Turkey.
NATO membership would allow Finland to boost its early warning capacity by being part of the alliance's joint airspace control, Kivinen said.
Finland would also benefit from the deterrence of being part of an alliance in which an attack on one member is an attack on all its members, he said.
Nevertheless, he said, "the main responsibility for Finland's defence will still be borne by Finland".
Australian Associated Press
